Parasitic antenna arrays incorporating fractal metamaterials

ABSTRACT

Novel directional antennas are disclosed which utilize plas-monic surfaces (PS) that include or present an array of closely-spaced parasitic antennas, which may be referred to herein as “parasitic arrays” or fractal plasmonic arrays (FPAs). These plasmonic surfaces represent improved parasitic directional antennas relative to prior techniques and apparatus. Substrates can be used which are transparent and/or translucent.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/539,695, entitled “Parasitic Antenna Arrays Incorporating FractalMetamaterials,” filed on Aug. 13, 2019, continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 16/006,569, entitled “Parasitic AntennaArrays Incorporating Fractal Metamaterials,” filed 12 Jun. 2018, whichis based upon and claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application62/518,152, entitled “Parasitic Antenna Arrays Incorporating FractalMetamaterials,” filed 12 Jun. 2017; the entire content of each of whichapplications is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Directional parasitic antennas are an important electromagnetic devicewith wide application in the modern world. The best-known example ofsuch arrays is the Yagi-Uda antenna. These are parasitic directionalrays made from dipole or dipole like elements which are separated fromeach other by at least an eighth of a wave or more and are not attacheddirectly to each other. When the elements are placed much closer than aneighth of a wave they interact to a point where it is not possible touse them in a directional manner. In other words Yagi-Uda antennas havethe advantage of being directional at the expense of a prescriptivedesign approach.

It will be appreciated that because the elements interact within aYagi-Uda antenna when placed very close to one another, is not possibleto fully take advantage of one of the main aspects of electromagneticscience. That aspect is called evanescent wave transmission. It is alsocalled plasmonic transmission.

In plasmonic transmission electromagnetic waves propagate over veryshort distances; usually a practical limit being about ′/o of awavelength. Beyond that distance other near field mechanisms tend todominate and the plasmonic or evanescent mode dies off rapidly (e.g.,exponentially).

What is needed therefore is a directional antenna array that takesadvantage of the evanescent wave transmission, or plasmonictransmission, to produce a better performing directional antenna thateither has better directionality and or smaller size.

SUMMARY

Novel directional antennas are disclosed which utilize fractal plasmonicsurfaces (FPS) that include or present an array of closely-spacedparasitic antennas, which may be referred to herein as “parasiticarrays” or fractal plasmonic arrays (FPAs). These fractal plasmonicsurfaces represent improved parasitic directional antennas relative toprior techniques and apparatus.

Aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure include or provide forfractal plasmonic arrays on or in shaped surfaces or structures. Sucharrays can provide gain and/or directionality unavailable in priorantennas.

These, as well as other components, steps, features, objects, benefits,and advantages, will now become clear from a review of the followingdetailed description of illustrative embodiments, the accompanyingdrawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The drawings are of illustrative embodiments. They do not illustrate allembodiments. Other embodiments may be used in addition or instead.Details that may be apparent or unnecessary may be omitted to save spaceor for more effective illustration. Some embodiments may be practicedwith additional components or steps and/or without all of the componentsor steps that are illustrated. When the same numeral appears indifferent drawings, it refers to the same or like components or steps.

FIG. 1A depicts an example of a fractal plasmonic array used with aparasitic reflector in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of adirectional antenna system according to the present disclosure; FIG. 1Bdepicts another view of the fractal plasmonic array and reflector ofFIG. 1A.

FIGS. 2A-2B depict plots showing the SWR and gain of a dipole comparedto a fractal plasmonic array in accordance with an exemplary embodimentof the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a photograph showing a side-by-side size comparison of aconventional Yagi-Uda antenna and a fractal plasmonic array antennaaccording to the present disclosure having substantially equivalent gainand bandwidth performance.

FIG. 4 is a photograph depicting an example of a curved fractalplasmonic array used for a directional antenna in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a parasitic array antennaimplemented with a glass substrate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Illustrative embodiments are now described. Other embodiments may beused in addition or instead. Details that may be apparent or unnecessarymay be omitted to save space or for a more effective presentation. Someembodiments may be practiced with additional components or steps and/orwithout all of the components or steps that are described.

As referenced above, the present disclosure describes novel methods,systems, and apparatus employing and/or providing directional antennaswhich utilize fractal plasmonic surfaces (FPS) that include or present aclosely-spaced array of cells, resonators, or parasitic antennas, whichmay be referred to herein as “parasitic arrays” or fractal plasmonicarrays (FPAs). The spacing of the arrays may be referred to asclose-spaced, closely-spaced, or close-packed. These fractal plasmonicsurfaces represent improved parasitic directional antennas relative toprior techniques and apparatus.

As was noted above, in plasmonic transmission electromagnetic wavespropagate over very short distances; usually a practical limit beingabout Vo of a wavelength. Beyond that distance other near fieldmechanisms dominate and the plasmonic or evanescent mode dies offexponentially. With respect to the interaction of closely-spacedelements, however, the evanescent wave transmission is still present inall antennas but is seldom taken advantage of for practical uses, forthe reason stated above.

An aspect of the present disclosure includes a fractal plasmonic surface(FPS) providing a plurality of closely-spaced fractal shaped resonators(also referred to as “fractal cells” or “cells”), so configured suchthat the adjacent placement of such resonator elements or cells is,e.g., less than 1/10 of a wavelength (λ) separation where the wavelength(λ) is an operational wavelength of the FPS. For applications where aFPS covers a range of or multiple wavelengths of operation, theseparation distances between resonators can be designed based on, e.g.,the largest wavelength of operation. The fractal cells act as reducedsized and or multiband and or wideband resonators that propagate a band,multiband, or wideband, spectrum of electromagnetic waves from one cellto the next. In accordance with the present disclosure, the termsresonator and antenna are generally used interchangeably herein exceptwhere noted.

According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the sizeof each fractal cell is substantially smaller for example than a dipoleat the lowest frequency of use/operation of a given spectrum. Forexample, typically four or more cells will take up the same extent as ahalfway dipole at the given frequency. Thus, each fractal cell, beingsubstantially smaller than a typical dipole or dipole-like structure,has less spatial extent to cause or experience deleteriously interactioneffects when closely spaced, such as detuning from mutual coupling.

When a fractal plasmonic surface, e.g., a single sheet or a manifoldlooped as a closed surface, is excited at an edge by a radiating element(e.g., a dipole), evanescent transmission occurs throughout the cells onthe surface. At the antipodal edge, there will be a discontinuity inimpedance with the air or other media, therefore causing the evanescentradiation to radiate freely into or towards the far field. Because thedriven element (e.g., a dipole) in this case now interacts with thefractal plasmonic surface, the surface itself acts as a directionallens, imparting gain and/or other appropriate performancecharacteristics of a parasitic directional antenna.

It will be appreciated that such a fractal plasmonic surface is not aYagi-Uda antenna. The spacing between cells and the spacing to thedriven element is outside of any prescriptions for a Yagi-Uda antenna.In contrast, such close spacing is not possible with Yagi-Uda antennas,meaning that those conventional antennas cannot support evanescent-wavetransmission. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, FPAswith their smaller cells (e.g., with fractal, fractal-like, and/ormetamaterial elements) and their close spacing enable new types ofparasitic directional antennas.

Not only is such a FPS-based parasitic directional antenna novel in itsability to take advantage of evanescent transmission, but such anantenna can also have an advantageous form factor. Specifically, thegain produced by such a FPS-enabled antenna can be far higher thanexpected in comparison to a conventional Yagi-Uda antenna. The followingdescription, referencing FIGS. 1A-4 , provides further details ofexemplary embodiments of FPS-based directional antennas according to thepresent disclosure.

While the disclosed invention refers to an end fire parasiticdirectional antenna, it will be noted that a small reflector at theantipodal edge will also allow the antenna to be broadside. This antennawhen placed at approximately a 45° angle, redirects the end fireradiation to make it broadside.

Another unusual attribute space of this novel invention is that the FPSmay be curved to redirect and focus the electromagnetic waves in apreferred direction, including, e.g., at or about 90° (π/2), or at orabout 45° to 135° (π/4 to 3π/4) to the positioning of the driven elementand FPS edge; other angles and directions, including composite ormultiple directions can be achieved within the scope of the presentdisclosure. It will be noted that it is not possible in a Yagi-Udaantenna to curve the boom of the antenna in order to redirect thedirectional radiation. Accordingly, an aspect of the present disclosure,it is possible to do that, opening new opportunities for the use ofdirectional antennas.

In exemplary embodiments, a fractal plasmonic array (FPA) is configuredas a looped belt of fractal resonators (or, fractal metamaterial) andplaced in the nearfield of an exciting antenna, for example but notlimited to, a ½ wave dipole. The excitation is parasitic. The FPA, insuch an embodiment, generates a strong evanescent surface waveparasitically with no direct connection between the fractal resonators.

If the looped belt is not circularly configured, then exciting the edgeproduces radiation of the evanescent surface wave at the antipodal edgewhich provides a lens like gain amplification and concurrent beamwidthnarrowing (an endfire directional antenna). The respective gain increaseis substantially proportional to the one sided area (effective aperture)of the FPA.

An FPA may additionally be configured with a parasitic reflector to makethe resulting antenna unidirectional. FIG. 1A depicts an example of afractal plasmonic array used with a parasitic reflector as a directionalantenna system 100 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of thepresent disclosure; FIG. 1B depicts another view of the fractalplasmonic array and reflector of FIG. 1A.

As shown in FIG. 1A, directional antenna system 100 includes a fractalplasmonic array 110 including plurality of fractal cells 112 (or fractalmetamaterial) disposed on a support surface 114. The cells 112 andsupport surface 114 are configured in a closed belt or loop that has awidth, a length, and a height. Examples of a suitable material for asupport surface (or, substrate) can include, but are not limited to,polyimide, polyamide, FR4, polyester, ceramic, and the like. The fractalcells can be made of any suitable conductive material, including, butnot limited to, conductive paints, electroplated or electroless metals,deposited metals, and the like.

With continued reference to FIG. 1A, system 100 can also include a feedor driven element 120 (shown as a dipole), which may be connected toreceive power through a coaxial connection 122. A reflective element orreflector 130 may be present to provide or facilitate directivity forthe antenna. As shown, reflector 130 will reflect energy toward thefractal plasmonic array 110.

FIGS. 2A-2B depict plots 210, 220 showing the SWR and gain of a dipolecompared to a fractal plasmonic array in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment of the present disclosure. It will be appreciated that thispeak gain manifests as close to 15 dBi in this example, with a 2:1bandwidth of roughly 300 MHz at 2 GHz (where bandwidth refers to, e.g.,10 dB Return Loss bandwidth, or the frequency range where the SWR isless than 2:1). It will be appreciated that the FPA need not be limitedto S-band, but embodiments may be devised, by scaling in size, to workfrom HF radio, through microwave, to infrared, visible light, andultraviolet. Furthermore combination of said embodiments may be devisedto access multiple regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Further FPA embodiments and aspects of the present disclosure include,but are not limited to, 1) attaching a reflecting structure at the endof the end-fire point, e.g., at approximately a 45 degree angle, so asto divert the end-fire radiation to broadside, thereby enabling the FPAto function as a broadside radiator; 2) placing multiple dipoles on oneedge in a multi-faceted arrangement, so as to provide a beam steeringoption by turning single or pairs of antenna on and off.

In exemplary embodiments, a FPA may be configured so that the fractalresonators are uniform in size and spacing for at least one passband ofchoice, and this demonstrates that the FPA does not function through agradient of index of refraction, nor as a curved geometric interfacewith a differing index of refraction. Therefore it is novel with respectto prior art and is not, for example, a Yagi-Uda antenna, nor a phasedarray.

FIG. 3 is a photograph showing a side-by-side size comparison of aconventional Yagi-Uda antenna 1 and a fractal plasmonic array antenna410 according to the present disclosure having substantially equivalentgain and bandwidth performance.

It will be appreciated that a FPA according to the present disclosureacts as a lens-like device and may therefore be used as an augmentationfor a variety of other conventional antennas; moreover, use is notlimited to RF or microwave frequencies, when properly scaled for theappropriate wavelengths.

FIG. 4 is a photograph depicting an example of a curved fractalplasmonic array used for a directional antenna 400 in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. As indicated, antenna400 includes a FPA 410 that is disposed on a curved or bent supportsurface 414. The antenna 400 directs electromagnetic energy receivedfrom feed (dipole) 420 and around reflector 440.

FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a direction antenna system 500implemented with a glass substrate. The directional antenna system 500includes a parasitic array 502 including plurality of resonator cells504(1)-(N) disposed in and/or on a glass substrate 510. The cells504(1)-(N) and support surface 114 may be configured in a closed belt orloop that has a width, a length, and a height. For the substrate 51 o,alternative materials may be used instead of glass. Examples include butare not limited to plastics and ceramics. Suitable materials may betransparent or translucent in exemplary embodiments. The cells504(1)-(N) may be made of any suitable conductive material, including,but not limited to, conductive paints, electroplated or electrolessmetals, deposited metals, and the like. Cells 504(1)-(N) of array 502which may be referred to as a plasmonic array or a parasitic array neednot all be the same shape or size; some cells may have a fractal shapewhile others have one or more different, e.g., non-fractal, shapes, suchthat a portion of the array is not fractal in character or appearancebut which may still function to transfer electromagnetic radiationplasmonically.

System 500 can also include a feed and/or driven element 532 (shown as adipole), which may be connected to receive power through a coaxialconnection or other suitable connection. A reflective element orreflector 530 may be present to provide or facilitate directivity forthe antenna. As shown, reflector 530 will reflect energy toward theplasmonic array 502. In exemplary embodiments, reflector 530 and drivenelement 532 may be integrated into a frame that is configured to holdthe substrate 510. In a preferred embodiment, system 500 can beimplemented as a window in a frame/window sill.

With continued reference to FIG. 5 , while the array 502 and substrate510 are shown as a single sheet that is substantially planar, othershapes and configurations for these components are within the scope ofthe present disclosure. As non-limiting examples, the substrate may becurved or bent in one or more directions or along one or more vertexes.Further, while the drawing shows array 502 on one side of the substrate510, the array may be continuous or substantially continuous and may beextended to cover a portion or all of the non-visible side of substrate510. Moreover, substrate 510 may have a desired size and dimensions,such that the thickness extending into or out of the plane of thedrawing may be selected as desired. Substrate 510 may accordingly haveany desired shape and size, and may have rounded or sharp edges, e.g.,with a desired radius or radii of curvature. As noted, substrate 510 mayhave a curved or bent shape. In exemplary embodiments, substrate 510 andarray 502 may be configured as a curved lens operable to divertradiation (e.g., incident radiation) around one or more objects (e.g.,occulting objects). The operation of such a lens may includeamplification or magnification of the incident radiation but does notnecessarily need to. In exemplary embodiments, an array 502 andsubstrate 510 may be configured to divert electromagnetic radiation intwo or more separate directions.

Exemplary Embodiments

1. A directional antenna system, the system comprising: a fractalplasmonic array having a plurality of close-packed fractal cellsdisposed on a supporting surface, wherein each fractal cell includes afractal shape defining an electrical resonator, wherein the plurality offractal cells are positioned sufficiently close to one another tosupport plasmonic transfer of energy between the fractal cells, andwherein the plurality of close packed cells are not galvanicallyconnected to one another; wherein the supporting surface is shaped toprovide directional transfer of electromagnetic energy to and from thefractal plasmonic array in desired directions, respectively.

2. The system of embodiment 1, further comprising a feed configured tosupply the fractal plasmonic array with electromagnetic energy.

3. The system of embodiment 1, wherein the support surface has alongitudinal axis.

4. The system of embodiment 3, herein the longitudinal axis is curved.

5. The system of embodiment 4, wherein the longitudinal axis defines anincluded angle.

6. The system of embodiment 5, wherein the included angle is betweenabout n/4 and about 37r/4.

7. The system of embodiment 5, wherein the included angle is about n/2.

8. The system of embodiment 1, wherein the fractal plasmonic arraysupports the transfer of electromagnetic energy in the S-band.

9. The system of embodiment 1, wherein the fractal plasmonic arraysupports the transfer of electromagnetic energy in the X-band.

10. The system of embodiment 1, wherein the fractal plasmonic arraysupports the transfer of electromagnetic energy in the K-band.

11. The system of embodiment 1, wherein the fractal plasmonic array ison a curvilinear manifold and only a portion of the plurality of fractalcells is planar on the manifold.

12. Any of the foregoing embodiments (1-11) implemented as, connectedto, or in conjunction with a portion of a larger circuit, circuit board,printed circuit board, and/or circuit structure on or including one ormore substrate layers.

Unless otherwise stated, all measurements, values, ratings, positions,magnitudes, sizes, and other specifications that are set forth in thisspecification, including in the claims that follow, are approximate, notexact. They are intended to have a reasonable range that is consistentwith the functions to which they relate and with what is customary inthe art to which they pertain.

All articles, patents, patent applications, and other publications thathave been cited in this disclosure are incorporated herein by reference.

The phrase “means for” when used in a claim is intended to and should beinterpreted to embrace the corresponding structures and materials thathave been described and their equivalents. Similarly, the phrase “stepfor” when used in a claim is intended to and should be interpreted toembrace the corresponding acts that have been described and theirequivalents. The absence of these phrases from a claim means that theclaim is not intended to and should not be interpreted to be limited tothese corresponding structures, materials, or acts, or to theirequivalents.

The scope of protection is limited solely by the claims that now follow.That scope is intended and should be interpreted to be as broad as isconsistent with the ordinary meaning of the language that is used in theclaims when interpreted in light of this specification and theprosecution history that follows, except where specific meanings havebeen set forth, and to encompass all structural and functionalequivalents.

Relational terms such as “first” and “second” and the like may be usedsolely to distinguish one entity or action from another, withoutnecessarily requiring or implying any actual relationship or orderbetween them. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” and any othervariation thereof when used in connection with a list of elements in thespecification or claims are intended to indicate that the list is notexclusive and that other elements may be included. Similarly, an elementproceeded by an “a” or an “an” does not, without further constraints,preclude the existence of additional elements of the identical type.

None of the claims are intended to embrace subject matter that fails tosatisfy the requirement of Sections 101, 102, or 103 of the Patent Act,nor should they be interpreted in such a way. Any unintended coverage ofsuch subject matter is hereby disclaimed. Except as just stated in thisparagraph, nothing that has been stated or illustrated is intended orshould be interpreted to cause a dedication of any component, step,feature, object, benefit, advantage, or equivalent to the public,regardless of whether it is or is not recited in the claims.

The abstract is provided to help the reader quickly ascertain the natureof the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding thatit will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of theclaims. In addition, various features in the foregoing detaileddescription are grouped together in various embodiments to streamlinethe disclosure. This method of disclosure should not be interpreted asrequiring claimed embodiments to require more features than areexpressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claimsreflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of asingle disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are herebyincorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing onits own as separately claimed subject matter.

What is claimed is:
 1. A directional antenna system, the systemcomprising: a parasitic array having a plurality of close-packedresonator cells, wherein each cell includes a shape defining anelectrical resonator, wherein adjacent cells of the plurality of cellsare positioned sufficiently close to one another to support plasmonictransfer of energy between the cells, and wherein the plurality of closepacked cells are not galvanically connected to one another; a substrate;and a feed configured to supply the parasitic array with electromagneticenergy; wherein the parasitic array is disposed in or on the substrate,wherein the substrate is shaped to provide directional transfer ofelectromagnetic energy to and from the parasitic array as an endfiredirectional antenna, and wherein the substrate is configured as a singlesheet having a first end and second end.
 2. The system of claim 1,wherein one or more resonator cells have a fractal shape.
 3. The systemof claim 1, wherein one or more resonator cells have a non-fractalshape.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises atransparent material.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the substratecomprises a translucent material.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein thesubstrate is substantially planar.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein thesubstrate includes a curved portion, and wherein the parasitic array isoperative to divert radiation around an occulting object.
 8. The systemof claim 1, wherein the substrate and parasitic array are configured todirect incident radiation in two or more separate directions.
 9. Adirectional antenna system, the system comprising: a parasitic arrayhaving a plurality of close-packed resonator cells, wherein each cellincludes a shape defining an electrical resonator, wherein adjacentcells of the plurality of cells are positioned sufficiently close to oneanother to support plasmonic transfer of energy between the cells, andwherein the plurality of close packed cells are not galvanicallyconnected to one another; a substrate; a feed configured to supply theparasitic array with electromagnetic energy; and a reflector configuredrelative to the substrate to divert incident electromagnetic energy to abroadside configuration; wherein the parasitic array is disposed in oron the substrate, wherein the substrate is shaped to provide directionaltransfer of electromagnetic energy to and from the parasitic array, andwherein the substrate is configured as a single sheet having a first endand second end.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein one or more resonatorcells have a fractal shape.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein one ormore resonator cells have a non-fractal shape.
 12. The system of claim9, wherein the substrate comprises a transparent material.
 13. Thesystem of claim 9, wherein the substrate comprises a translucentmaterial.
 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the substrate issubstantially planar.
 15. The system of claim 9, wherein the substrateincludes a curved portion, and wherein the parasitic array is operativeto divert radiation around an occulting object.
 16. The system of claim9, wherein the substrate and parasitic array are configured to directincident radiation in two or more separate directions.